By Suze Orman
1. No Blame, No Shame
The foundation of a
financial fresh start actually has nothing to do with money or specific
financial dos and don'ts. The first, and most difficult, step is to absolve
yourself and your spouse or partner of any guilt. So you need to make a promise
to me. I need you to agree that the past is past, and we are going to focus on
the future. Whatever mistakes you feel you have made with money, whatever moves
you wish you had or hadn't made, are irrelevant. We are free to move forward
only when we remove the emotional shackles of regret. This cleansing step is
especially important for couples. You are in this together, so no
finger-pointing or arguing about any past decisions. Do we have a deal? Deep
breath, everyone. Exhale. Now you are ready to put your financial house in
order.
2. Take a Snapshot of
Your Finances
It's impossible to map
out a route to your destination if you don't know where you're starting from.
So let's take a "before" picture of your finances. You've heard me
say this a million times, but I want you to open every single financial
statement—bank, credit card, mortgage, 401(k), brokerage account—and take a
look. Only when you have everything in front of you can you set priorities
about what to do next. If you're vexed by your checking account (you swear you
should have more money; you can never figure out why your checks bounce), start
fresh by opening a new one. Leave enough in your existing account to cover any
checks that haven't yet been processed, then transfer the rest to the new
account and close the old one. Next, sign up for online banking. It should be
free, and as long as you use your home computer, it's also safe. The advantage
of online banking is that you can pay bills superfast, and your account is
automatically credited or debited for each deposit and payment, making it
easier to stay on track.
3. Adopt a Foolproof
Credit Card Strategy
Make this the year you
tackle that credit card debt once and for all. Doing so will make you and your
family stronger and happier—forever. What happens to the stock market and the
housing market is completely beyond your control. Credit card debt, however, is
completely within your control. Every time you pay off a card with a 15 percent
interest rate, you get a 15 percent return on your money.
See if you can qualify
for a balance transfer card that offers a low or 0 percent introductory
interest rate for the first six to 12 months. If you can get a good deal, move
your high-rate debt to that new card. Do not use the card for any new charges,
and push yourself hard to pay off the balance as soon as possible. If you don't
qualify, no worries. Always pay the minimum due on each card, on time, every
month. Whenever possible, send in some extra money on the card that charges the
highest interest rate. Your goal is to get the costliest balance paid off
first. When the first card is cleared, direct your payments to the card with
the next highest interest rate. Keep doing this until you've zeroed out the
balances on all your cards.
4. Try
Harder to Save
When I suggest that people send in more money to pay off credit card balances
or increase the amount they save each month for retirement, I hear the same sad
story: "Oh, Suze, I would if I could, but I can't because there's no extra
money left at the end of the month." I beg to differ. There's no money
left because you haven't evaluated your spending habits. You need to dig deep
and be willing to change those habits; to set goals and use those goals as the
motivation for lifestyle changes that will allow you to save and invest. Take a
clear-eyed look at your credit card statements for the past six months. Can you
really tell me that there isn't at least $50 or $100 showing up that you could
easily do without? I didn't think so. I call this "hidden money," and
here's how you can find it.
I challenge you to reduce every one of your monthly utility bills by 10
percent. Change your calling plan or get rid of the landline account unless you
absolutely need it. Dial back the platinum cable package to silver. I bet you
can seriously trim your utilities by spending one afternoon increasing your
home's energy efficiency: Attach a draft-blocking guard to the bottom of any
external doors; add caulk or weatherproofing material around drafty windows;
put low-flow aerators on your showerheads and faucets; and replace burned-out
bulbs with compact fluorescent energy savers (they're pricier than conventional
bulbs but last much longer, saving you money over the long term).
Cars are another great place to save. Plan on driving yours for at least seven
to ten years (regular tune-ups will help keep it running longer). Consider
buying a used or certified pre-owned car rather than a brand new one. If you
get a three-year loan, you have plenty of life left in your car, and money that
once went to car payments is freed up for other financial needs. And please,
avoid leasing. Since you don't own the car, you never have a time when you are
driving your car free and clear. Also, raising your deductible or designating
one car to be used for low-mileage driving (under 15,000 miles a year) can
reduce your insurance premiums by 15 percent or more.
5. Separate Savings from Investments
Now we're ready to move on to how you put your money to work for you and your
family. There is a vitally important difference between money you need to save
and money you need to invest, yet it's a distinction many people don't grasp.
Money you know you need or want to spend in the next few years is savings.
Money you keep handy for an emergency belongs in savings. Money you hope to use
soon for a down payment on a house belongs in savings. And all savings belong
in a low-risk bank savings account or money market account. The goal is to keep
your money safe so that when you go to use it, it will be there.
Money you won't need to use for at least seven years is money for investing.
The goal here is to have your account grow over time to help you finance a
distant goal, such as building a retirement fund. Since your goal is in the
future, money for investing belongs in stocks. As I'll explain later, the
potential inflation-beating returns that only stocks can deliver make them the
right choice for a successful long-term investment strategy.
6. Know Your Credit Score
The big takeaway from the meltdown of 2008 is that banks are going to be a lot
less eager to lend money to you. You will need a sparkling financial
personality: a FICO score above 700, solid verifiable income, a manageable
amount of existing debt—to get good offers for credit cards, auto loans,
mortgages, and refinancings. And you can expect lenders to continue to tighten
the screws on your existing credit lines; all the credit they loved to give you
before 2008 now makes them nervous. Get your credit score by going to
MyFico.com. If your score is below 700, two of the best ways to improve it are
to pay your bills on time and push yourself to reduce your credit card
balances.
7. Evaluate Your Retirement Plan
If your 401(k) and Roth IRA lost value in 2008, that's a good sign. It means
you were invested in stocks, and that's exactly where you should be
invested—assuming your retirement is at least a decade away. Only stocks offer
the chance of high returns that outpace the annual 3 to 4 percent inflation
rate. In your 20s and 30s, aim to keep 80 percent in stocks and just 20 percent
in bonds; you have time to ride out stock swings. As you age, slowly ramp up
the percentage in bonds; in your 50s and 60s, consider keeping 40 percent or
more in bonds to help buoy your portfolio when stocks are slumping. The biggest
mistake you can make is to stop investing in your retirement accounts or to
shift money from stocks into "safe" money market accounts.
Instead of worrying that your account is down, remember that your money buys
more shares of your retirement funds. The more shares you own now, the more you
will make when the market recovers. Buy and hold is the way to go.
Here's some perspective: The 2008 market slide is the tenth bear market
(commonly accepted as a decline of at least 20 percent) since 1950. If you'd
put your money in stocks in 1950 and stayed invested through the ups and downs,
your average annual return through 2007 would have been more than 10 percent.
That's not to say you can count on an average of 10 percent over the next 50 or
so years (7 to 8 percent is probably more realistic), but it illustrates how
keeping focused on the long term pays off.
8. Diversify Your Assests
Try to reduce any company stock you own in your 401(k) to less than 10 percent
of your total retirement assets. Just ask employees of Enron, Bear Stearns,
Merrill Lynch, and Washington Mutual how smart it was to make big bets on their
own stock. Mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are ideal for
retirement savings because they own dozens of stocks in their portfolios.
If you're flummoxed by all the investing options in your 401(k), look for a
"target retirement" or "life cycle" fund. Then pick the
specific portfolio that dovetails with your expected retirement age and you're
all set; you will be invested in a mix of stock and bond funds appropriate for
your age. You can also invest your Roth IRA in these types of funds; Fidelity,
T. Rowe Price, and Vanguard all offer these one-and-done options.
9. Don't Obsess Over Your Home's Value
If you own a house and can afford the mortgage, consider yourself lucky. Try to
love your home for what it is: a haven for you and your family, not a path to
riches. Unless you bought at the height of the market in a super-popular region
that has gone Ice Age–cold, you're going to be fine. And even if you did buy at
the peak, if you plan on staying put for five to 10 years, the real estate market
will recover with time. But let's be clear: A home is not an investment that
will fund your retirement or vacations. The 10 or 20 percent annual gains
during the housing boom were temporary insanity. Buy a house you can really
afford, and over time it will rise in value. But its main value is as a home.
Period.
If you got caught buying into the housing bubble and are now in mortgage
trouble, talk to the lender about your options. Don't raid your retirement
accounts to keep up with the payments. What happens when the retirement
accounts run dry? You still won't be able to cover the mortgage, and you will
have lost all your future security.
10. Protect Your Family—and Your
Nest Egg
If there is anyone dependent on your income—parents, children, relatives—you
need life insurance. For the vast majority of us, term life insurance is all we
need, because it protects you for the "term" of the policy (from five
to 30 years) and is incredibly inexpensive. As always, it's important to buy a
policy from a firm with a strong financial rating, but even if an insurance
company runs into trouble, your state insurance department has funds set aside
to help protect you. I also want you to get your estate papers in order. You
should have a living revocable trust (this document spells out how your assets
should be distributed) with an incapacity clause, as well as a will. Also, have
an "advance medical directive" in place that tells your doctors the
type of care you want if you become unable to speak for yourself.
Finally, every family should have an emergency savings account that can cover
at least eight months of living expenses. And I also want every woman to have
her own personal savings account that could support her for at least three
months, because you never know. The best place for your savings is an
FDIC-insured bank (or a credit union backed by the National Credit Union Share
Insurance Fund). If you keep less than $100,000 at an FDIC bank, no matter what
happens to the bank, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (part of the
U.S. government) will make sure you get every penny back. Online banks that are
FDIC insured are just as safe as the bank downtown. (Please note: The emergency
federal legislation passed last October increased the FDIC insurance limit to
$250,000 through December 2009. But to be extra safe, keep no more than
$100,000 in any single bank.)
Feel better? Follow these steps and no matter what the future brings, you will
be in control of your financial destiny. And there's nothing more valuable.