A Rich Retirement: How to get the biggest Social Security check

A Rich Retirement: How to get the biggest Social Security check

(MoneyWatch) According to the Employee Benefit Research Institute, only two-thirds of Americans have saved for retirement and most have saved less than $25,000. The average retiree depends on Social Security for 70 percent of his or her income.

Unfortunately, Social Security just isn't equipped to fully support our ever-aging population. There are 78 million baby boomers edging toward retirement. Keep in mind, when Social Security was launched in 1940, a 21-year-old male had a 50/50 chance of living to the age of 65. Today, that same 65-year-old who had a 50/50 chance of being six feet under now has the same mortality and health as a 54-year-old did in 1947. And better health means a longer lifespan: A male reaching retirement age in 2013 is expected to live to an average of 85, a woman to 87.

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The result? Experts say that a retirement crisis is looming. Before "too frail to work, too poor to retire" becomes the refrain, we need to change the way we're approaching saving for retirement in this country. First, people need to realize that Social Security is not a pension plan -- or even a retirement program. It's a supplemental retirement program. The other legs of your "retirement stool" -- defined contribution plans and any pensions or personal savings -- need to be stronger to compensate.

You can start collecting Social Security anytime from age 62 to 70, but the later you start, the bigger your benefit. Just how much bigger depends on when you were born. People born from 1943 to 1954 have a "normal" or "full" retirement age of 66. They get 25 percent less than their normal benefit if they cash in at 62 and 32 percent more than their normal benefit if they wait until 70. (People born later have a slightly higher "normal" retirement age and take a somewhat bigger hit for claiming their benefits early and a somewhat smaller bonus for waiting until 70.)

Say you turned 62 in June 2013 and earned $50,000 a year. You could collect about $1,011 a month as a single if you retire at 62, or $1,420 a month (in today's dollars) at your full retirement age of 66 in 2015, or $1,972 a month (again in today dollars) starting in 70 in 2019. If you're earning $150,000, the comparable monthly amounts would be $1,840 at 62, $2,501 at 66, and $3,370 at 70.

While those benefit amounts sound dramatically different, in theory the system is neutral -- meaning if you live to an average age, you'll end up with roughly the same total benefit no matter when you claim.

But that's not really true. The most obvious example is that women live longer, but benefits aren't adjusted by sex. So women are more likely to live past the "break-even age" -- that is, the age at which waiting to collect a bigger check pays off.

There is no pat answer to decide when to start collecting Social Security benefits, but there are a few guiding rules. First, if you're still working, don't claim benefits before your full retirement age. This is the rule thumb that nearly every expert can agree on. You shouldn't claim early while you're still employed unless you truly need the money to survive, because it comes with hefty penalties. Until you reach the full retirement age, for each $2 you earn in 2013 above $15,120, you lose $1 of your annual Social Security benefits. By contrast, after 66, benefits don't get cut no matter how much you earn. If you're working, try to wait. Also, don't take the money early thinking you'll make more by investing it: If you invested the money, you would need to earn more than 7 percent annually to equal what you'd make by delaying benefits until full retirement age.

A common concern is whether Social Security will even exist by the time someone is eligible to receive it, and it's a valid one: The trustees who oversee Social Security say the program's trust funds will run dry in 2033, leaving the program with only enough revenue to pay about 75 percent of benefits. Already, the program is paying out more in benefits than it collects in payroll taxes.

And people frequently aren't confident that they've saved enough on their own to retire comfortably. It's no wonder that a recent survey of Baby Boomers found that 61 percent of respondents fear outliving their retirement more than death. Think about that for just a second. People would sooner die than outlive their retirement. This uncertainty is coloring a lot of people's decision to cash in on Social Security while they know they still can. A recent survey by BMO Retirement Institute found 83 percent of retirees were influenced to start their benefits because they were concerned about the viability of the program.

My next guiding rule: Don't take Social Security until you're sure you want it. Up until December 2011, the Social Security Administration had a "do-over" strategy that had allowed seniors to file for benefits and then later repay them, without interest, to get a bigger check. In effect, you got eight years -- from 62 to 70 -- to change your mind about taking early benefits. You could even use a do-over as a way to get an interest free loan from the government. But since December 2011, you have only 12 months to change your mind after initially filing for benefits.

Finally, part of being a smart financial planner is answering tough questions like "How long do you expect to live?" A calculator on the Social Security website will give you your average life expectancy. It predicts a woman turning 62 this coming year will live to an average of 85.5 and a man of the same age to 83.4. But what about your health and your genes? There are a bunch of websites that calculate your life expectancy while taking into account your health, family history, exercise, eating, drinking and driving habits and even social relationships. If you're not in great health and you want to get some of your tax dollars back, it can make sense to start claiming Social Security as early as possible.

Deciding when to collect get a little more complicated if you're married. When a married person claims benefits, they're eligible for what they've earned or up to half of their living spouse's full retirement benefit, whichever is higher. A low earning spouse who is relying on spousal benefits takes an even bigger early claiming hit than a primary wage earner -- if he or she claims benefits at 62, they get just 35 percent of the primary earner's full retirement age check, instead of 50 percent. On the other hand, there are no extra benefits for waiting past full retirement age to claim that spousal check. That means this is the one case where no matter how you slice it, waiting past the "full retirement age" of 66 doesn't net you an extra dime.

The catch is that a spouse can't claim benefits until the earner makes a claim. So let's say a high-earning husband and non-working wife both turn 66 this year. The best financial plan is for the husband to begin claiming his benefits so his wife can collect. But not so fast! We already covered that he'll receive a bigger benefit if he waits until he's 70. He can still wait and cash in on that delayed payday by requesting that his claim and his benefits be immediately suspended. That way, he then can continue to wait for a bigger benefit, while his wife is now eligible to claim her spousal benefits.

It's tricky, but if you familiarize yourself with the basic rules, you'll be okay. Another thing to remember for married people: If one partner dies, the survivor can claim the deceased spouse's check instead of his or her own, assuming the deceased spouse's check is bigger. The general rule of thumb for married couples is that at least one partner (usually the higher earning one) should delay benefits well past 66. This is "longevity insurance" for you both.

One final thing to remember: Regardless of when you take Social Security and when you stop working, you need to enroll in Medicare when you first become eligible at 65, or you could face financial penalties in the form of higher premiums.

Source: Money Watch by Mellody Hobson

View all articles by Mellody Hobson on CBS MoneyWatch» 
Mellody Hobson is President of Ariel Investments, a Chicago-based money management firm that serves individual investors and retirement plans through its no-load mutual funds and separate accounts. Additionally, she is a regular financial contributor and analyst for CBS News and CBSNews.com.